正在編輯 Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person （章節）

=== Actus Reus ===
An act which causes another person to apprehend the infliction of immediate, unlawful force on his person. (Collins v Wilcock [1984])

The act can be:

* Indirect (e.g. threaten with dog)
* Words can be sufficient (spoken or written)
* Omission (no case law but seems likely)
* Conditional
** Not if threats excludes imminent possibility
** Test
*** Will violence follow unless V takes action (e.g. hands over money)
*** If yes: imminent threat

The victim must apprehend

* Infliction of immediate, unlawful force on his person
* Infliction of immediate force
* Infliction of unlawful force
* Must be a causal link between D’s behaviour and the victim’s apprehension

==== Apprehend ====

* No need for physical contact
* Test is effect on V (approach from behind/sleeping V would not qualify)
* No need for V to be afraid of D
* Was D’s behaviour a factual and legal cause of V’s apprehension of immediate force?
** Subjective: what did V believe? (e.g. did not know gun was fake)
** PLUS
** Objective: based on facts as V saw them, is that an apprehension of imminent violence?

==== Immediate/imminent ====

* Immediate: without pause or delay
* Courts have widened
** Imminent: V thinks about to happen or threatening to happen
* Silence could be an assault (Ireland and Burstow [1997])
** The silent caller intends by his silence to cause fear
*** He is so understood
** V is assailed by uncertainty about his intentions
*** Fear may dominate her emotions
*** It may be the fear that the caller’s arrival at her door may be imminent.
* Constanza (1997)
** 20-month campaign of harassment by D against V including threatening letters leading to clinical depression.
** V was caused to apprehend violence ‘at some point not excluding the immediate future’