用戶:Hinnia/沙盒/History Notes (Leadership

First Crusade Leadership

Leadership

• Certainly responsible for success
• No single commander in chief
• No kings
• Henry IV and Philip I excommunicated
• Princes from various parts of Europe

Initial Division

Attitude towards Pope

• German and Lotharingians supporters of Henry IV
• Raymond of Toulouse supported Pope

Attitude towards Alexius

• Raymond of Toulouse was happy to swear Allegiance
• Bohemond did not wish to be subject to Alexius’s power

Attitude towards Power and Land

• Bohemond and Tancred seeking land
• Robert of Normandy seeking indulgence

First Wave: People’s Crusade

• Peasants army led by Peter the Hermit and Walter Sansavoir
• Caused a lot of trouble
• Shipped across to Asia Minor within a week
• Slaughtered by Kilij Arslan
• Shows how terrible the crusade could have gone without good leadership even with a divided Muslim enemy

Council of Princes

• If the crusade was to succeed
  • Had to overcome differences
• Set hierarchical chain of command
  • Provided a forum in the absence of a single commander for decisions to be reached jointly
• Took Nicea
  • With the help of Tacticius
• Two wave strategy
  • Worked well
  • Suck up pressure from Kilij Arslan
• Dorylaeum
  • Bohemond and Robert of Normandy attacked by the Turks
  • Two princes took up a defensive position
  • With the support of the second wave made the Turks retreat
  • Secures Asia Minor

Bohemond Leadership

Capture of Antioch

• Foraging Strategy
  • Raymond foraged in Ruj Valley
  • Tancred in areas surrounding Harim
  • Ensured supplies
  • Helped them survive
• Financial Support
  • Raymond of Toulouse was very wealthy
  • Used this money to help the Crusaders
  • Built La Mahomerie
• Secret Negotiations
  • Negotiations with someone inside the city
  • Allowed access to Antioch

Secure of Antioch

• Bridge Gate
  • Arranged for his troops to leavee
  • Kerbogha’s troops at other gates would not be able to reach him as the river blocked their path
• 7 divisions
  • Each with a clear leader
  • Help keep the army in formation
  • Thinned out force of Kerbogha
  • While convincing Kerbogha that his army was not an all-out offensive
• Kept back extra troops in a separate division
  • Rearguard
  • Stopped Kerbogha’s first relief force from supporting main force

Siege of Jerusalem

• 5 weeks, rather than 7.5 months like Antioch
• Tactical genius shown
• Crusade leadership maintain unity to the end
• Range of strategies
• Siege tower to enter Jerusalem
• Eastern wall (vulnerable)

Other factors

Popular pressure

• Disagreements after the siege of Antioch
• Crusade faced paralysis
• Stopped for 6 months
• Only because of popular pressure that the First Crusade continued

Muslim World

• Divided into Shia and Sunni
• Sunni would rather align with Crusaders against Shia and vice versa
• Key Central Leaders died at the same time
  • Caused political fragmentation
  • By 1097-99 there was a power vacuum in Asia Miinor
• Princes faced small rival lordships
• Muslims failed to recognise the crusade as an army of religious conquest
• Gave the Crusaders an advantage

Second Crusade Leadership

Leaders

• Eugenius has tight control of preaching
  • No peoples crusade
• Proper Kings
  • Louis VII, the king of France
  • Conrad III, the king of Germany
  • State power and resources
• Unified before heading to Outremer
  • Louis deliberately went with Conrad by land
  • Avoid antagonising Conrad
    • Conrad was in conflict with Scicily
  • In return Conrad offered fleet at Regensburg
• Supposed to be successful
  • Not the case
  • Failure largely due to bad leadership

German Campaign (Octobebr 1147 to June 1148)

• Departed with 8 days of supplies, estimating a 20-day journey
• Assuming they could acquire supplies along the way
• Plan did not go as expected
  • Overconfidence and the lack of control by Manuel I
• The crusaders were ambushed by the Turks near Dorylaeum.
• Retreat to Nicaea with a casualty rate of around 17 percent.

Failure to consult leaders of the crusader states

• Did not consult with the leaders of Outremer (the Crusader states)
• Initial goal: recapture Edessa
  • But was destroyed in 1146
  • Still had same goal in 1148 (Conrad letter)
  • Spent four months to establish new goal
  • Hindered progress into Outremer
  • Incurred additional expenses
• Did not adequately respond to the needs of all the Crusader states
  • Antioch plan, which reflected northern interests
  • Jerusalem plan, which focused on the threat faced by the south
  • Decided to head south to Damascus
• Contributed to delays and misalignment of objectives during the Second Crusade.

Siege of Damascus 1148

• Began successfully
• Attack by King Baldwin III's troops supported by Louis VII's soldiers.
• Conrad III made significant gains
• Goal was to attack the city walls and defeat the garrison
• Changed their plan and attacked a weak point in the eastern walls.
• Bad decision
  • No water or food
  • Exhaustion and retreat after three days.
  • Ended unsuccessfully.

Other factors

Muslim world

• Far more untied
• Much more powerful enemy when compared with first crusade
• 1105: Al Sulami first preaches jihad
• 1146 Nur ad-Din deployed Jihad

Lack of support from the Byzantines

• First Crusade received support from the Byzantine Empire
• Taticius sent to provide crucial guidance and support in battle.
• Second Crusade Manuel I did not have good relations with the two kings
• He did not provide the same support
• Also had a treaty with the Turks
• Betrayed the crusader’s location or plans for their enemy

Third Crusade

Greater Enemy

• Saladin
  • United Syria and Egypt
  • 1187: Captured Jerusalem in the Battle of Hattin
  • Christian control of Outremer reduced to Tripoli and Antioch.
  • 1189: Crusader states were in a desperate situation.
• In the Third crusade
  • Saladin was at the peak of Jihadi strength
• Meanwhile in the second crusade
  • The crusaders faced a Muslim enemy at the beginning of Jihadi strength

German First Wave

• Most effective crusading first wave
  • Led by Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, aged 70, with 15k soldiers.
• However
  • German participation began and ended unsuccessfully before Richard I and Philip II arrived.
  • Byzantine had grown closer to the Turks
  • Had an agreement with Saladin to delay the German journey.
  • Frederick's army faced challenges and was not welcomed in the Byzantine Empire.
  • Isaac prevented markets from being set up, cutting off German supplies.
  • Troops seized control of Plovdiv
  • Achieved a decisive victory against the Byzantines at Dhidimotikon.
  • Frederick's troops were allowed to cross the Dardanelles in March.
  • Captured Konya
  • Frederick drowned while crossing River Goksu
• Frederick's death fractured the army and prevented it from turning the tide of the siege.

Richard I's Leadership

Sicily

• Went to Messina to collect his sister's dowry from Count Tancred of Lecce.
• Tancred refused
• Richard attacked Messina and gained control on October 4.
• Richard extorted 40,000 gold ounces from Tancred to finance the crusade.

Cyprus

• Encountered missing ships that were stranded on Cyprus when leaving Sicily
• Invaded Cyprus
• Sold the island to the Templars for 100,000 bezants.

Acre

• Philip arrived at Acre providing vital support for the siege.
• Richard joined Philip with his fleet and participated in the siege.
• Together, their forces destroyed the walls of Acre, and the Muslim garrison surrendered.
• A month-long argument over the king of Jerusalem delayed progress after the surrender.
• Guy became king for life, followed by Conrad.
• Philip returned to France on July 31, 1191, leaving Richard as the clear commander of the crusade.

Jaffa

• Richard initiated a plan to reclaim territory along the coast of Outremer
• Began a 70-mile march towards Jaffa.
• Well organised army
• Knights divided into three divisions and marching in columns.
• Infantry protected the knights from raids and surprise attacks
• Baggage train marched on the right.
• Leadership and careful planning ensured the safe arrival of the crusaders at Jaffa.
• Monitored the march formation closely and made preparations to maintain its integrity.

Consulting Local Leaders

• Goal of the Third Crusade: Recapture Jerusalem
• Army advanced towards Jerusalem
• Listened to advice from the Templars and Hospitallers
• Believed that the army could not win and that dealing with Saladin was necessary.
• Turned back to refortify the abandoned city of Ascalon.
• Sought a truce with Saladin
• Christians retaining control of the coastal territory
• Christian pilgrims allowed access to Jerusalem's holy shrines.

However

*Most disunited leadership

Angevian Capetian conflict

• Long-term rivalry
• Frederick Barbarossa and Richard are both effective leaders
• The rivalries between Richard and Philip hindered the Third Crusade to some extent

Betrothal of Richard and Alice

• Richard wanted to marry Berengaria of Navarre
  • For an alliance against his old enemy Count Raymond of Toulouse.
  • but was already betrothed to Alice, Philip's sister
• He hid this plan from Philip.

Rival claims to Jerusalem

• Two rival claimants:
  • Conrad: Philip’s cousin
  • Guy: feudatory of Richard
• Increased the strain on the crusade
• When Richard arrived at Tyre on 6 June
  • Conrad refused to allow him entry
  • Richard forced to sail directly to Acre and begin the siege without any respite
• Caused delay in the attempt to retake Jerusalem